Black People and Roberta Essay Example for Free

Black People and Roberta EssayIn Toni Morrisons Recitatif, the story is astir(predicate) two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could non care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but neer states which one is cutting or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, We looked homogeneous salt and pepper. I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was ghastly and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesnt really matter. The story begins with Twylas mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they start out best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were non considered real orphans. They were a chevrononed kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the shoemakers last times the girls see each other was the solar day of a visitation. On that night, Twylas mother was we aring those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. Many people have denominate blacks as having larger butts.She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Robertas mother had brought chicken legs. Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always eyeshot black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasnt hungry. Shortly after that visitation Robertas mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated.They see each other several times throughout the years. At their root meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrixs band was inter racial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store.Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta or so the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days blackwhite. You know how everything was. I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was natural here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years.The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship fo r them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am.I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. Recitatif challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more nothing less.

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food EssayThe profligate nutrition industry has been suppuration more and more either year. There is a spendthrift pabulum restaurant in every corner. Since exuberant food is becoming so general more and more spate chose to go to a unfaltering-flying food restaurant daily. Fast food is a continuing growth industry in our country. Fast food restaurants continue to increase their democraticity by lowering their prices and providing faster service for their customers. There is a huge competition between fast food restaurants and how they advertise can effect the business. There are many another(prenominal) reasons as to why fast food has become so popular. iodin of the main causes is the simplest of them all, laziness. One of the main causes for the popularity of fast food is advert. There are fast food restaurants being advertised of billboards, at some schools, on the net income, and on television. Most fast food advertisements are directed to young deal beca use they are easily persuaded. According to Haugen, young people in America are bombarded with advertising every day.A young person does not usually think of their health or other important factors that could become of take in fast food constantly, they further think that its what they pauperism because they saw it on the television. Haugen states, Marketers reach them through commercials on television and also through ads in magazines, on billboards, on the internet and even in the bathroom stalls at school (Haugen 2008). It seems that there is no escape from fast food marketing for children. It is everywhere they turn.It is sad that advertisement companies give birth found so many ways to get to children to energize them want to consume their product because for most of them it results in obesity. One of the most no-hit advertisement products comes with the kids meal, the toy. Many children insist on their parents buying them that meal, from that particular fast food restaur ant, because they want the toy that comes with the kids meal. Since fast food has become so popular it has resulted in obesity for many children. The children are drawn to the fast food because of the toys that come with the meal and how it is advertised to be more appealing to children.Since the effect of fast food on children has been so drastic many fast food restaurants now have healthy cream kid meals that come with a toy as well. This could be a great alternative to help children eat healthy. Since many people have such(prenominal) demanding schedules they resort to fast food. According to Simplicity of Thinking, the main cause for the current expanding of fast food restaurants is that they fit with the needed speed of living everywhere (SOT 2011). This meat that with an individuals busy schedule they do not have enough time to prepare a meal in the morning so they resort to fast food.An example given states that throughout the day an individual may sometimes resort to fast food more than once in clubhouse to make their life easier. Fast food makes it possible to eat on the go and live life uninterrupted. According to Think Free, since the popularity of fast food has grown people have become addicted to fast food. Eating fast food develops the habit and addiction to this kind of food (Rokotmivo 2009). the secret recipes of fast food restaurants have hidden components, regardless if they are healthy of not, they are always included in the meal.This is what makes each fast food restaurant distinct from another and makes you want to return to that same one to get that same taste that you have become addicted to. For example, getting a cheeseburger from Burger King will taste unlike than ordering a cheeseburger from Carls Jr. even if it is ordered with the exact same condiments. This is because of the secret ingredient that each burger has that sets it apart from other fast food restaurants. When people are addicted to fast food they will find natural and typical food less delicious and no longer satisfies their needs.Having fast food be an easy resort to evadeing a meal and taking someones time away from them it has caused it to become more popular and has still effected many people in having a poor diet. Fast food is not just convenient it is also inexpensive. According to Food for Thought, a new case study of eating out and income shows that fast food dining has become more popular with lower income families (FFT 2002). Fast food has become more popular with those of lower income families. With the specials and the great deals like the dollar menu it is less expensive than preparing a meal for some families.This results in more people going to fast food restaurants. If some fruit at a grocery store costs a dollar or sometimes maybe more, people would quite a go to a fast food restaurant and get something more filling like a cheeseburger off of the dollar menu. With the economy so high-risk it is easy to see why many people re sort to fast food over going to the grocery store. It is not only easier but in some cases it is less expensive. One of the main causes for the popularity of fast food is that people are simply lazy.It is true that many people havve the time and the means to sterilize a decent meal for themselves or their family but they resort to fast food simply because it is an easy alternative. Why is there a need to cook when it would be faster to just go to a fast food restaurant since there is one at almost every corner and order something. The lazy factor of many people has resulted in obesity. Fast food also makes a persons body want to be less inactive. After eating something from McDonalds an individual would most likely want to take a nap or just relax and watch a movie.The effect that fast food has on the body is never good, whether its laziness or obesity. In conclusion, the cause of the popularity of fast food is great advertisement, its easy and fast, and people are lazy. The effec ts of fast food has resulted in it being everywhere, whether its advertised on television, on billboards, or in schools, and found on every corner. Fast food has light-emitting diode to many people being obese and addicted to the unhealthy choices they offer. The more popular fast food has gotten the more fast food restaurants are being built to reach the demands of society. Fast food for some people can rule their lives.

Alcohol Beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Beverage EssayThroughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about intoxicant-dependent drink advertize. How is advertising affecting us? Does it have an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? Does advertising influence alcohol use of goods and services? In this essay, I will mainly concentrate on why such alcoholic advertisements should be bounded and to what extent should any governments be able to control advertising.My personal opinion that I maintain is that I agree with having restrictions on alcoholic beverages advertisements on TV, by focusing more on responsible drinking and on problems that drinking causes every year because of irresponsibility of its consumer. I also stand by my opinion because young heap atomic number 18 negatively affected by those ads, since there atomic number 18 no messages for responsible action while drinking. Moreover, statistics show that alcohol-related admissions to hospital in United States have reached 20% in 1995.With other words, most of cases sent to our hospitals were alcohol related, which potentially leads to violence, accidents and health abbreviates. Alcohol is thought to cause thirty thousand premature deaths a year. Therefore, it whitethorn cause physical and mental harm to its consumers. The two main media tools that help advertising for alcohol are Televised programs and radio channels. These giant corporations make millions of dollars advertising for alcoholic beverages with having minimal advices on responsible drinking and reckless behaviors that can be caused primarily because of it.My personal believe is that too excessive exposure to alcoholic advertisement can increase consumption and influence peoples attitudes towards alcohol especially for youngster as they have not formed the correct understanding of it. In order of battle to prevent the large amount of alcoholic advertising that appears on media, over the last few decades, g overnment have rectify far stricter guidelines and regulations concerning alcohol.Some of these limitations and restrictions are particularly made for advertising for alcoholic drinks. Some of these restrictions include limiting the timing of advertisements on television and allow alcohol related ads to be displayed entirely after 1000pm, which will avoid youth exposure to it. Nowadays, Alcohol advertisement is at its peak on sport events. This is why prohibiting the liquor confederacy from beingness the official sponsor in sport must be considered.As Professor Gilmore said, limitations should include alcohol sponsorship in sport, as the alcohol was being advertised 24 hours a day. Besides, the contents of advertisement should be restricted, images like violence and potential crime should be forbidden, as it is easy for young people doing the same things that show on television. On the other hand, both in public and private sectors are responsible in joining their efforts to hel p to set out limitations and restrict alcohol promotion and sales through ads.For instance, clubs should abolish the unlimited drinks to a certain time only with fixed amount of money, and restrict underage people from being exposed to a place where alcohol is heavily consumed. Besides, the price should be increased to reduce the alcohol consumption and alcohol producers should develop a new production line, as an alternative to replace alcohol. Now, alcohol has spread in our culture and society and became the symbol of fun and pleasure.Its consumption has increased more than ever did in mankind history and their effects are increasing with it as well. Advertising for alcohol is not only promote our youth to drink more which will affect their health but also promotes reckless and irresponsible behaviors associated with its consumption. Our government is more aware of the seriousness of this issue than ever, however further laws and restrictions must take place in the future in orde r to decrease its negative effects.

Singapore Assessing the impact of the regionalization strategy

capital of capital of Singapore Assessing the impact of the regionalization strategyHas the regionalization strategy succeeded in sustaining Singapores sparing fighting in Asia for the period from 1995 to 2010? Explain your answer with supporting evidence.The formulation of national strategies to leverage upon world-wide resources for sparing development has always been part and parcel of Singapores drive to begin continued economic growing since independence in 1965, based upon the reallocation of economic resources via the maturational State Model (Evans, 1995). To this end, the Singapore government engaged in outside(prenominal) direct enduement (FDI)-oriented growth models from the 1960s to the 1990s, investing in education, healthcare, and groundwork to achieve economic growth and enhance the countrys economic competitiveness done the creation of a secure and pro-business environment. (Yeung, 2001) State investment on infrastructure and human capital was also seen as a means of benefiting from developmental effect such as the generation of employment, earning of foreign currency, and transfer of technological or managerial expertise (Chang, 1999).The subsequent onset of globalisation and advances in information and conference technologies (ICT) from the 1980s onwards led to structural changes among the economies of the developed world, necessitating a shift from labour-intensive, low value-added manufacturing towards high-tech, high value-added industries and monetary go. At the same time, several governments in the region, including those of Malaysia and Indonesia, sought-after(a) to liberalise their economies and capitalise on lower average labour, land, and raw material costs in order to attract foreign investors (Tongzon, 1998), emulating the FDI-oriented strategies adopted previously by the economies of Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. By 1990, rising labour and land costs in Singapore had led many transnational corporations to reloca te their lower value-added operations to the regional newly-industrialising economies (NIEs), where boilersuit operating costs were lower by as much as 75%. (Kumar Lee, 1991)The Singapore governments response vis--vis this rising competition for capital investment in the industrial and manufacturing sectors was to ensure Singapores continued relevance in the new global marketplace despite her resource constraints and limited domestic market (Singapore Economic Development age (SEDB), 1995a) by implementing new national strategies for economic development, marking the onset of the regionalisation strategy, aimed at creating an external economy through participation in the dynamic growth opportunities of regional economies in the Asia Pacific. (SEDB, 1995b). This essay aims to demonstrate that the regionalisation strategy has succeeded to a large extent in sustaining Singapores economic competitiveness in Asia for the period from 1995 to 2010, tending(p) its interchange role in fa cilitating Singapores transition from an export-oriented manufacturing centre to a knowledge-based economy and global business hub in the Asia Pacific, although it should be recognised that these regional initiatives do not prune Singapores external dependence but instead augment her economic vulnerabilities.Regionalisation 2000To harness external economic space and overcome local anaesthetic supply-side constraints (Regionalisation Forum Proceedings, 1993), the concept of Regionalisation 2000 was introduced in the 1990s to encourage great investment and business in the Asia Pacific region, rationalised by the liberalisation of foreign investment controls occurring in large Asia Pacific markets such as China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, and by the high growth rates being achieved by these economies. (Okposin, 1999) Explicitly designed to enhance Singapores competitiveness inside the regional and global economies (Wong Ng, 1997) apt(p) Singapores decreasing comparative advantages in the industrial and manufacturing sector due to its significantly higher labour, land, and raw material costs vis--vis the Asian NIEs, Regionalisation 2000 consisted of platforms for creating a knowledge- and service-based economy via quad main regional initiatives comprising regional headquartering, regionalisation of local enterprises, regional investment, and regional industrialisation, with regional investments and regional industrialisation projects constituting the major transnational aspects of Singapores regionalisation drive.According to the Economic Development Board (1995),The strategic intent of the regionalization program is to build an external economy that is closely linked to and which enhances the domestic economy by participating in the growth of Asia. This programme seeks to form a network of strategic zones in key markets with emphasis on building good linkages between our regional projects and domestic clusters. (SEDB, 1995, p. 8)The regionalisation strategy should consequently be conceptualised as an economic programme explicitly designed to carve out a new economic niche for sustaining Singapores competitiveness and relevance, particularly during a period when its former economic strength in manufacturing was being eroded by rising competition with Asian NIEs and structural changes in the world economy. In this regionalisation drive, as in prior economic development programmes, state intervention and collaboration played an important role, with the governments regional headquartering and regionalisation of local enterprises programmes representing instances of state intervention within national boundaries.Construed as the twin objectives of further internationalizing Singapores indigenous firms and assisting the transnational restructuring and cost-competitive endeavours of hosted foreign TNCs in an adaptive context (xxx), the government aimed to encourage foreign and local enterprises to invest and establish business ventures in th e region, using Singapore as a headquarters for high value-added operations such as product development, customer support, and financial function. To this end, the government has invested in institutional infrastructure and the enhancement of local factors of production such as workforce quality (Ho, 2000), offering tax incentives and supporting services in its self-conceived role as stakeholder, facilitator, and partner (Perry Yeoh, 2000) to strengthen the competitive advantages of transnational corporations and domestic enterprises in their outward expansion into the region.To complement regional headquartering and the regionalisation of local enterprises, regional investment and regional industrialisation programmes were introduced to further facilitate Singapores embrace of economic globalisation through investment-driven economic growth (Porter, xxx) and economic restructuring through the relocation of local low value-added industries to Singapore-managed industrial parks in the region. Noting how some transnational corporations had been reluctant to relocate operations from Singapores secure business environment to the emerging NIEs due to a scarcity of high-quality industrial infrastructure and management (Kumar Lee, 1991), the Singapore government sought to build and manage industrial parks crosswise Asia at locations such as Batam in Indonesia, Suzhou and Wuxi in China, at Bangalore in India, and in Thailand and Vietnam, combining Singapores expertise in industrial development with the low cost of regional land, labour, and raw materials, whilst exploit the use of savings and state revenue through investment in regional investments to further attain from the economic growth in Asia.Serving as interesting examples of government intervention outside of national boundaries, given their transnational nature, the governments intention to export Singapores expertise in industrial infrastructure development across the region (Perry, 1995) is therefore implicit in the regionalisation strategy, promoting regional economic linkages and the concept of Singapore Incorporated based upon close cooperation between the Singapore government and a wide range of Singapore business entities.Has the regionalization strategy succeeded in sustaining Singapores economic competitiveness in Asia for the period from 1995 to 2010? Explain your answer with supporting evidence.Regionalisation 2000- A victor?According to the Singapore Department of Statistics (2011), the first 15 years of the regionalisation drives implementation from 1995 to 2010 was characterised by overall strong GDP growth, from S$124,581.8m in 1995 to S$284,560.7m in 2010, with Singapore registering double-digit growth in 2010 from the previous year. Negative economic growth, however, occurred in the years 1998, 2001, and 2009, following poor regional or global economic performance, and this is credited(predicate) to Singapores vulnerabilities and dependence on external economies for economic growth.In harm of real economic growth, the states economic transition into a knowledge-based economy is evident from Figure 1, given the overall decreasing shareage share of manufacturing in GDP from the years 2000 to 2010, whilst business and financial services together account for approximately 22 percent of GDP as of 2010, on par with the percentage share held by manufacturing alone. FDI in Singapore has grown from strength to strength, pointing to a triumphful sustenance of foreign investment inflows by the governments regional headquartering strategies aimed at attracting high value-added industries and investment to enhance Singapores niche as a global business hub in the Asia Pacific. From 1995 to 2005, FDI in Singapore more than tripled from S$93b to S$311b, representing an average growth of 13% per annum, with FDI in professional, technical, administrative, and support services gaining importance and increasing from 1.7% to 3.1%. (Singapore Department of S tatistics (SingStat), 2007). Europe, Asia, and North America constitute important sources of FDI, accounting for up to 82% of the total, with Asian FDI more than doubling from S$31b to S$74b (SingStat, 2007).Of this FDI, 87% was concentrated in diversified sectors such as financial and insurance services, high value-added manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, and petrochemicals, wholesale and retail trade, and hotels and restaurants, reflecting Singapores attractiveness to foreign investors as a business hub (SingStat, 2007). It can be surmised, therefore, that Regionalisation 2000 has succeeded in this regard, ensuring Singapores transformation into a regional business hub in the global market, sustaining its economic competitiveness in Asia through the creation of new economic niches in product development, customer support, and financial services for foreign and local enterprises.The other transnational aspect of Singapores regionalisation programme has, however, proved less successful. Direct investment abroad by Singapore has not managed to exceed levels of FDI in Singapore itself (Figure 3), indicating that the regional headquartering programme along with FDI were responsible to a large extent for Singapores economic growth over the past 15 years. The onset of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1998, in particular, significantly negated the regional industrialisation, regionalisation of local enterprises, and regional investment programmes, causing many projects to suffer financial press release due to a severe contraction in implore for industrial products from both consumers and producers in the region. (Henderson, 1999) Still, despite no actual reports of the regional industrialisation programme being profitable (xxx), and the absence of verifiable information on Singapores investment performance by Temasek Holdings and GIC in the long period spanning 1995 to 2010, it can be argued that the regional industrialisation programme was designed to s upplement the domestic economy in the long run, since infrastructural projects require large initial investments of capital resources.The regional industrialisation programme brought about positive economic benefits, not least for those companies which relocated their lower value-added operations to the regional industrial parks, facilitating Singapores shift towards a higher-tech and higher value-added economy. In the fact of the Batam Industrial Park, almost of the enterprises that chose to occupy these it generally established additional units instead of shifting all operations overseas, and also tended to upgrade the remainder of their operations in Singapore (Kumar Lee, 1991) Furthermore, investors located in Singapore-developed industrial parks were reported to be highly satisfied with the operation and management of these industrial parks, especially in terms of cost savings (Kumar Lee, 1991). The regional industrialisation and regionalisation of local enterprises program mes thus served as strategic outlets for transnational and local corporations to reduce operating costs and improve profit margins, sustaining Singapores economic competitiveness and relevance in the region to a large extent despite the limits of state intervention in transnational business environments. sort of of focusing solely on profits generated, a long-term view of Singapore Inc. indicates that it is built upon strong business fundamentals, as exemplified by the sound infrastructure and superior administration of the regional industrial parks. These offer the potential of future profits for the Singapore government in times of strong manufacturing demand for industrial products, having proven its feasibility based on the high take-up rate of industrial space in Singapore-developed industrial parks prior to the crisis, and growing demand for industrial units after 1999 (xxx).Evaluating Regionalisation 2000- A Success to a Large ExtentSingapores regionalisation drive has there fore exposed her external dependence and vulnerabilities with regards to the external economic environment, which most negatively affected the regionalisation programme, rather than failings in the strategy itself. In contrast to the domestic success of the regional headquartering programmes in attracting FDI to Singapore, the experience of Singapores regionalisation strategy overseas has shown that the action of national competitiveness in the global economy cannot be brought about by the states policies and support alone, with the external environment and availability of global opportunities playing an equally important role, given the states limitations in economic, political, and social resources, and factors beyond its control in the regional economy and investor confidence.The Suzhou Industrial Park, in particular, has often been alluded to as an example of a foreign venture gone wrong, with the Singapore government divesting its ownership and management of the Park to the S uzhou municipal authorities. Much media attention has also been devoted to the financial losses incurred by Temasek Holdings in foreign investments and acquisitions, and these notable examples further demonstrate that the success of Singapores regionalisation drive does depend to a large extent on international economic cycles. The regionalisation strategy, though, has succeeded to a large extent in sustaining Singapores economic competitiveness in Asia for the years 1995 to 2010, mainly due to its success in ensuring Singapores continued relevance in the global economy by exploiting new economic niches. The overseas regionalisation initiatives hold the promise of success given their strong fundamentals, and possess potential for much greater returns, if not much greater risks, and are instrumental in Singapores embrace of economic globalisation if she desires not to be out-competed by NIEs in the region. Indeed, the main energy of Singapores economic development since independenc e has been to thrive in change, and the overall success of the regionalisation programme is reflected in Singapores been ranked the worlds easiest place to do business. Singapore, too, is ranked among the top hardly a(prenominal) when it comes to cities with best investment potential, foreign trade and investment, business legislation and efficiency, quality of human capital, and minimal corruption. (SEDB, 2011)To further sustain and improve its regional economic competitiveness in the years ahead would require Singapore to further improve its attractiveness to foreign FDI, given its success so far, particularly in the services sector, which is still relatively underdeveloped, and regional tourism, which is also seeing success since the opening of the two Integrated Resorts, with overall visitor numbers to Singapore increasing and orbit a peak of approximately 11m in 2010 (SingStats, 2011), indicating its potential. The years from 1995 to 2010 have also afforded the government ext ensive opportunities to adapt and modify its transnational investment strategies for maximal success in differing socio-political environments, allowing future success.ConclusionSingapore has, over the years, proven itself capable of mobilising economic, social, and political resources to create economic space, despite its resource constraints and small domestic market. by dint of regionalisation, it has managed to tap into the lower land, labour, and raw material costs of neighbouring NIEs in the region, ensuring its economic dominance through export of the Singapore Inc. concept throughout Asia and the world, making Singapore a top choice for transnational and local enterprises to do business today. The regionalisation strategy has therefore succeeded to a large extent in sustaining Singapores regional economic competitiveness since its onset, despite the cultural and political complexities of external economies diminishing the efficiency and commercial viability of overseas vent ures in tandem with the uncontrolled external environment. These difficulties, however, are outweighed by the potential successes these ventures can bring if the Singapore government manages to learn from its errors, successfully creating an external economy which serves as a launching pad for Singapore into the global economy.

A Research Proposal On Money Laundering Finance Essay

A Research Proposal On Money make clean Finance EssayThe intent of the study concerned the impact of currency clean and its effects on the local economic and method acting of clean technique in Mauritius. Money Laundering is very vast in nature it consists of various steps, technique and approach of undertaking such unlawful activity. The research analyzes the economic effects of Money launder in the Mauritian Economic. The research work will onset to examine the capital launder activities and the usefulness of prevention and detection techniques by local companies. The method that is to be used is mainly studying available research papers so that we get a maximum of breeding. The purpose of this study is to provide the familiar public a broad idea on capital laundering with some existed solutions. The research will be in the main interest of financial institution, Government and General Public.2.0 Literature Review2.1 What is Money Laundering?Money laundering is the pro cess by which money is obtained illegally. Various types of frauds corruption, cooking the books, involve money which has been preceded by several criminal acts. Individual or groups make illegal gains by carrying step to the fore these criminal acts and practically swindle high amounts.Money laundering makes it possible to legitimate ill-gotten gains through computer abuses, insider trading, and bribery where these produce large amounts of profits. Money laundering takes nates within all types of profit-motivated criminal offence, such as embezzlement, fraud, misappropriation, corruption, robbery, statistical distribution of narcotic drugs, and trafficking in human beings (kokrim, 2008).2.2 Characteristics of Money LaunderingMoney Laundering consists of a series of various transactions used to change the outset of financial assets so as these assets can be used without compromising the criminals offences. These transactions involve 3 stages (Billy Steel)2.2.1 PlacementThe fir st stage refers to the physical distribution of financial assets. It is the to the highest degree dangerous one for the perpetuators as the money from illicit activities ar introduces into the financial system. Money laundering is a cash intensive line of credit generating huge amount of cash from unlawful activities (for example street drug dealing, where payment are made in cash). The proceeds are then place into financial institutions, in the retail economy or deposits out of the country. The principal aim of the launder is to deliberately remove the cash from the location of acquisition and to metamorphose it into other assets so as to prevent detection from authorities.2.2.2 LayeringLayering involves creating complex layers of financial transaction designed to cover audit tails and provide secrecy. The first attempt is to disguise the origin and ownership of the specie by creating complex layers of transaction. The idea of the transaction is to disassociate the illegal fu nds to the source of the offence. Layering is the second stage, in which the funds are moved so as to veil or remove whatever whatsoever link from the crime committed to obtain the money.During the layering process, a bit of accounts, financial institutions, companies, funds as well as the use of professionals such as brokers, lawyers and consultants as intermediaries could be involved as this is where the money will be channelled. Assets that are bought through unlawful funds can be resold locally or abroad and as a result, the assets become more difficult to affair out and seize.2.2.3 IntegrationThe final stage consists of the integration of the money in the legitimate economic and financial institution. Integration is the stage whereby takes place the creation of a legitimate basis for the asset origin. The launder make the money appear legally earned and cleaned. At this stage it is very difficult to distinguish by authorities the difference between legal and illegal wealth. The money is viewed as being legal, and the criminal can use it for any purpose. Illicit money is often removed from its country of origin to be cycled through the international payment system so as to blur any audit trait (Joyce, 2005). in that location are different ways in which the third stage of money laundering is done. For example, a credit card might be handed out by offshore banks, casino winning can be cashed out, capital gains on option, and stock trading might follow, and real estate change might lead to profit. The proceeds of criminal acts could be generated from organized crime such as drug trafficking, people smuggling, people trafficking, proceeds from robberies or money acquired by embezzlement, tax evasion, fraud, abuse of company structures, insider trading, or corruption.Popular Methods of the launders at this part of the game isSending fake import export invoices and overvaluing the price of the goods. whence in allows the launders to more the funds from one company or country to another with the invoices serving as source of the capital place with financial companies.A simpler technique is to shift the money (via EFT) to a rightful bank from a bank owned by the launderers, as off the shelf banks are tardily purchased in many tax havens.The establishment of unspecified company in countries where the right to concealment is guaranteed. In such case the launderer is in a stance to grant loans from banks to undertake certain future legal transaction. In addition launders can claim tax relief on loan repayments and interest on loan so as to increase their profits.Most criminal acts are motivated by profit, argues Financial Intelligence Unit (2008). When substantial profits are generated from crime, perpetrators have to devise a means to control the assets in such a way that they do not attract attention to themselves or the crime committed. Thus, the money laundering process is crucial in order to enjoy the profit without arousing suspici on.2.3 Problem statement2.3.1 Banking Secrecy A major drawback of money launderingBanking secrecy is a professional obligation, meaning that financial institutions shall not expose a customers financial information and they even have the right to resist any third partys enquiries in order to protect the customers wellbeing. Secrecy laws have served to safeguard persons from financial failure in countries plagued by unsteadiness, fragile currency and run-away inflation rate. blotto privates and political agents are also protected by allowing them to hide their possessions to avoid the bump of persecution (Savona, E.U, 1997).In some countries, for example in Switzerland, the revelation of secret banking information is punishable by law, whether it is intentional or unintentional (Corrado, M.G, 1988).In the world we are presently living, nobody can deny the fact that banking secrecy is the most significant weapon for money launderers. Some countries like Hong Kong, Switzerland, Pana ma are even known as notorious banking secrecy heavens. These jurisdictions really make the crime of money laundering more severe and out of control. For instance in Hong Kong, a new regulation was introduced in 2000 which requires banks to report distrustful transactions. This resulted in 6,100 suspicious transactions being reported in 2000 and 95% of them were from banks (www.hongkong.org/press/ny-021400.htm, 15th Aug 2001)2.4 Combating Money Laundering The Lifting of Banking SecrecyDespite being an important part of individual privacy, banking secrecy has to be lifted in some cases as it is equally important to fight against money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe society. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. Each party should authorize the court or other authority to order that financial or business reports should be made accessible or be seized under the 1988 Vienna UN Convention, the 1990 Strasbou rg Convention and the 2000 Palermo US Convention specifically.The FATF recommended that financial institutions should concentrate on all unusual or large transactions, which have no evident economic or lawful purpose. such transactions should be examined, written and be made available to supervisors, auditors and law enforcement agencies. If financial institutions doubt that proceeds come from a criminal activity, they are involve to account for their suspicions to the expert authorities without delay (The FATF Recommendations on Money Laundering, 1996 Art 14, 15).These measures are innovative, modern and extremely different from the conventional banking system. In early times, the relationship between financial institutions and customers were founded on trust and confidence neither the banker asked questions nor the customers made disclosures. The situation has now changed. Along with that, the way of thinking and attitude of bank directors, supply and that of management authori ties have changed (Galvao G, 1997).3.0 Research Methodology3.1 Aims and Objective of the researchThe aim of the research is to identify evidence of banking secrecy and their effectiveness in combating money laundering. Cases of money laundering in Mauritius will be studied and analysed. Key principles from the anti-money laundering act and from regulations imposed by bank regulators (e.g. Financial Services commission and the Bank of Mauritius) will be outlined. The study will then research on the measures taken by banks to fight against potential cases of money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe banking service. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. The objectives of this research are to3.2 Research MethodA survey with a self-administered questionnaire will be the data collection technique used. The questionnaires will be sent to the senior managers, executives and separate managers of the identified ba nks in Mauritius. Visits to the company/meeting with the relevant person will be carried out where necessary to ensure maximum response and that questionnaire is being alter up by the addressee.Also, secondary data will be taken from company websites, reports and financial statement to supplement research.3.3 Statistical Analysis of dataafter the questionnaire, the response will be input as data so as to make use of specific statistical technique. Thus SPSS statistical big money will be used to analyze data for the findings of the research.3.4 Benefits of the ResearchThe research will be beneficial toCompaniesGovernmentFuture Research Dissertations3.4.1 CompaniesCombating money laundering will have a positive impact on companiesThrough integrated management of financial crime operational efficiencies will improveThe risk of corruption, identity crime and other criminal crimes will decreased considerablyReduced financial risk, reputational risk and legal riskBad debts and fraud l osses due to customer comprehensiveness3.4.2 GovernmentMoney laundering has a negative effect on the economy, such as loss of control on the economical policy, economic distortion and instability. Moreover, government loss revenue as tax collection becomes more complicated and confusing. Therefore, the research will help to reduce these drawbacks.3.4.3 Further ResearchResearch will assist other researchers to make further research in the topic.Ghantt ChartTask/activityMarAprwhitethornJunJulAugSepOctChoose topicLiterature searchDeveloping frameworkDesign questionnaireSurveyData InputAnalysisWriting up raiseBudget AnalysisExpendituresRsConsultants and contracts1400Travel400Supplies and materials400Communications (Telephone, postage, etc.)150Equipment (Purchase)700Other (Equipment rental, etc.)400Total3450

Relationship between Gender, Identity and Civil Disobedience

Relationship between Gender, identicalness and well-behavedizedian DisobedienceHannah RatesGender, Identity and Civil disobedience Are they the solution to their own problem?Social governmental concepts be arguably becoming the most important and highly discussed goernmental topics. Gender, individuation and civil disobedience atomic number 18 highly relevant in modern society and effect everyones day to day lives. As society is changing and modernizing the roles and meanings of these triad concepts atomic number 18 all overly adapting. I look to explain their similarities and departures as well as how they apply affected the global population throughout fib and draw out to do so.Identity governance is a name given to political positions who share the equivalent interests and views of friendly minority ag conferences in which people identify, often the individuals pass on shared experiences of injustice, (Heyes, 2016a) this leads to the challenge of other oppre ssive groups with the goal usually being equating. Identity political groups aim to secure political rationalisedom of a particular constituency marginalized within its larger context. (Heyes, 2016b) Identity politics is a term that has tho been used in recent account statement originating from around the 1960s. There are hundreds if not thousands of cases of minority groups who are oppressed all over the initiation including but not limited to gay individuals, women, ethnic minority groups, Muslims as well as well as many a(prenominal) other less recognized groups. Collective Identity politics has many positive effects on individuals, a judgement of solidarity with others through constructed collective identity operator operator provides an immutable and all-encompassing group that supply an escape from the society that oppresses them. One of the biggest collective identity stools in recent memorial is libber movement, their goal was to remove the opposed biological determinist views that men are stronger and smarter than women to puddle equal rights which included the right to vote, reproductive and domestic rights along with many much. Women identifying with each other to challenge the oppression they faced created a way for individual womens voices to be heard, although women grouped together they campaigned for equal rights which benefited each individual in that group. Identity besides is a contested concept, where collective identity is accentuated individualism diminishes and where solidarity with a persons minority is gained it is then restricted to one group. A person may have a single identity, but it will be made up of many levels of loyalty and identification. Identities change, because they are based on perceptions, which themselves change over time and environment as it is possible to identify ones self with more than one thing at a time such as figure and gender, or religion and age. Therefore, there are various elements of ones identity and which operate at different levels and these various elements in an identity may well be contradictory. (Concept of collective identity, 2015) Identity politics can be destructive as it can encourage people to fixate or excaudate their sense of persecution, it can also focus the stigmatization which then instigates the effect further. Inside a minority group differences are also overlooked which in turn divides the group internally in feminist history, ethnic and gay feminists see themselves as having nothing in common with white straight feminists they then end up competing over their relative degree of victimization. (Todd, 2013) Judith Butlers argued using flub theory that the feminist movement only emphasised the differences between men and women by grouping women as individuals with the same interests and characteristics. She explained feminism as an unwitting regulation and reification of gender relations reinforcing a binary view of gender relations in whic h human beings are divided into two clear-cut groups, women and men. Rather than opening up possibilities for a person to form and choose their own individual identity. (David, no date) Judith Butlers use of queer theory in her book gender trouble has also been one of the main driving forces behind the contesting of gender.Gender is defined as either the phallic or female division of a species, especially as differentiated by social and cultural roles and behaviour. (Dictionary, 1300) As society progresses gender is becoming a multifaced concept that is constantly being challenged, the idea that sex is biological and gender is socially constructed has become a constant discussion point in the world of politics. Society is progressing with the help of technology and social media giving minority genders a voice, resulting in the world becoming more accepting of contested identitys. Transgender and genderqueer individuals identifying as a group has had positive outcomes and helped to empower people. This therefore gives evidence of contested genders becoming more widely accepted. To to be able to identify with their particular gender group however, individuals are required to succumb to specific gender labels which can then often cause them to be treated differently and negatively by peers, love ones and society. Throughout history many feminists have disagreed and have endorsed the sex gender distinction. Provisionally sex denotes human females and males depending on biological features (chromosomes, sex organs, hormones, and other personal features) gender denotes women and men depending on social factors (social role, position, behaviour or identity). (Mikkola, 2016) Masculine and feminine behaviour has been learnt through nurture and gender socialisation and has created many inequalitys over time. One of the main objective of feminists, mainly in the second curl up movement, was to reverse the gender roles created by society. The idea that women are create d to raise children and stay at home doing the cleaning and cooking with a male dominated family has been a view challenged by feminists through many mass protests. Second wave feminism also known as the womens liberation movement set to overhaul gender inequality in private after first wave feminism had achieved public equality, aiming to remove the idea of the public man and the private woman. During second wave feminism the personal is the political became a rallying phrase to struggle the nuclear family and family values which resulted with gender becoming political. Challenging authority through civil disobedience became a very effective tactic for second wave feminists used to gain gender equality.Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey rankmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective mode of forcing concessions from the government. (Brownlee, 2013a) The term originated from heat content David Thoreau in 1848 when he refused to pay the pol l tax as he did not want to contribute to the funding of war and slavery. In Thoreaus essay, he justifies his actions by saying that government is best which governs least, men will someday be able to have a government that does not govern at all. As it is, government rarely proves useful or efficient. It is often abused and perverted so that it no longer represents the will of the people. (LLC, 2016) Throughout history civil disobedience has been used to change societys moral parameters Gandhis salt march, civil rights movement and suffragettes are all prime examples of instances where civil disobedience proved to be an important mechanism for social change. (Brownlee, 2013b) John Rawls states that a civil disobedience movement must be public, non-violent, a conscientious yet political act, perverted to the law and it must aim to bring change to policies and the law. John Rawls suggest that the main point of the movement is that it must be conscientious, this highlights the seriou sness and sincerity in which the civil disobedient break the law through their disobedience, they draw attention to draw attention to laws or policies that they believe require reassessment or rejection. (Brownlee, 2013c) Henry David Thoreau emphasised the importance of human conscience in his 1848 essay stating we should be men first, and subjects afterwards. (Henry David Thoreau, 2017) The non-violence aspect of civil disobedience is also an important factor of the movement as it is not only moral but strategic and more effective, an uprising is 50% more likely to fail (Fisher, 2013a) if violence is used. If a protest does become violent then that legitimizes the states use of violence in response (Fisher, 2013b) and is also less likely to have support from the public often polarizing them in support of the government. The argument that we all have the right to civil disobedience as part of our democratic rights, alongside our human right to freedom of public lecture are two fact ors believed toto encourage oppressed minority groups to speak out about their injustices, this is reflected by civil disobedience protests being known to gain more attention than any other forms of protest. Acts of Civil disobedience by minority groups including gender minority have been carried out throughout history, one of the largest being the feminist movement. The politics of gender roles and inequality have been at the heart of all womens liberation movements especially during second wave feminism. In more recent history Polish women carried out civil disobedience in October 2016 to protest against the governments proposed ban on all abortions with women facing imprisonment if the law was broken. Tens of thousands of women missed work and train wearing all black to peacefully protest outside parliament against the Law and Justices party proposed ban. The mass protests caused parliament to reconsider and then reject the proposed ban. Poland already have the most restrictive laws on abortion in Europe with women only being able to have one in certain circumstances, however many activists see parliaments choice to over throw the ban as a chance to gain liberation in the near future. Identity politics is a concept that runs parallel with all acts of civil disobedience, individuals identify with each other and all share the same goal which is often equality and social justice. Every civil disobedience movement emphasizes a collective notion of the good. They suggest that when we identify ourselves with something larger than our own identity, we are compelled to take action. We are compulsive to bring about social reform because we value the importance of helping others. (Enotes, 2016a) In his essay, Thoreau emphasises the importance of coming together as a collective identity as the only way to achieve social reform, he also believes that all individuals should ignore their individual differences and work together towards a collective goal. Thoreau sees a persons power increasing when they unify with others in the cause for social reform. (Enotes, 2016b) The second wave feminist movement and the 2016 Polish protests were both collective actions trying to gain social reform for both identity and gender through civil disobedience.Social political concepts are continuing to shape modern day society, and the legal age of these groups are co-dependant. The argument that collective identity diminishes individuality in that group is ongoing. Whist individualism is conceivably reduced, many civil disobedience movements contain individuals that have different standing views on what theyre protesting against. In the case of feminism there are musical theme and liberal groups inside the larger feminist group. Some radical groups focus on trying to overthrow patriarchy rather than liberal feminists who try to change society to make it equal. This shows that the strive for identity within civil disobedience exceeds the concept of just gender. Although both radical and liberal feminist groups have the same common goal it highlights the flaws of collective identity as the group works against the larger movement cohesion due to their opposed views on aspects of the feminist ideology. Many radical feminists will not accept men to be part of their movement due to their feelings of oppression caused by a patriarchal society throughout history, this excludes men and reinforces the dichotomic view of gender relations highlighting gender differences through identity. Queer theory can be used to understand the contradicting views of both identity and gender queer theory supports the idea that gender is free flowing and an expression. It contradicts collective identitys as identity consists of so many aspects, to group identities collectively based on one variable e.g. gender is wrong. A difference perspective on collective identities with regards to gender however is that it can empower many people, as more people in modern societ y are identifying as gay or transgender the glamorization of identity through gender has increased this holds true for many gender labels. Whilst people seek confidence by identifying with these gender labels the end result can be that individuals have restricted themselves to the stereotypical behaviour of that gender identity. Many civil disobedience movements aim to thickheaded the stereotypical view of gender roles and behaviours showing how the three concepts not only intertwine but often provoke each other. It is clear that collective identities are sought out by individuals in order to find solidarity in a certain group, they are used to construct community and feelings of cohesion and holism, a concept to give the impression that all individuals are equal in the imagined community. Gamson argues that fixed identity categories are both the basis for oppression and the basis for political power, again further outlining that civil disobedience is not only comprised by collecti ve identitys, but that they are also a catalyst for many civil disobedience movements. Connotations associated with gender often form these collective identitys that in turn form civil disobedience. Without collective identity, civil disobedience movements would be ineffective movements are only taken seriously if its a large identity group working towards the same goals. In the example of the feminist movement and the polish protests women place with their gender to campaign for equality however identifying in this group women have highlighted their oppression and focused the stigmatization. Although quite obviously linked identity does not only exist through the marinization of oppressive groups, if society was completely equal both identity and gender would still exist and where there is democracy there is needs civil disobedience.As theories and concepts identity, gender and civil disobedience all share a common quality, in that they are often co dependant in order to be effec tive as well as being a seemingly paradoxical solution to themselves. Whilst all three concepts seek equality identity is formed through segregation, gender is defined by its separation and civil disobedience can only exist with minority protesting the majority. In add-on to this incongruence, comprised with all acts of politics in accordance to these concepts, ego and prejudice will always effect the individual, creating bias within these social groups, making the topics insolvably disputed for the future.ReferencesHeyes, C. (2016) Identity politics. gettable at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/ (Accessed 19 January 2017).Concept of collective identity (2015) Available at https//www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/concept-of-collective-identity.php (Accessed 19 January 2017).Todd, D. (2013) Douglas Todd The pros and cons of identity politics. Available at http//www.vancouversun.com/health/Douglas+Todd+pros+cons+identity+politics/8235119/story.html (Accessed 19 Janu ary 2017).David (no date) Www.Theory.Org.Uk resources Judith Butler. Available at http//www.theory.org.uk/ctr-butl.htm (Accessed 19 January 2017).Dictionary (1300) The definition of gender, in Available at http//www.dictionary.com/browse/gender (Accessed 19 January 2017).Mikkola, M. (2016) Feminist perspectives on sex and gender. Available at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/GenSocCon (Accessed 19 January 2017).Brownlee, K. (2013) Civil disobedience. Available at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-disobedience/ (Accessed 20 January 2017).LLC, S. (2016) Civil disobedience. Available at http//www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/civildisobedience/section1.rhtml (Accessed 20 January 2017).Henry David Thoreau (2017) Available at http//izquotes.com/quote/394572 (Accessed 20 January 2017).Fisher, M.F.M. (2013) Peaceful protest is much more effective than violence for toppling dictators. Available at https//www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/05/peaceful-protes t-is-much-more-effective-than-violence-in-toppling-dictators/?utm_term=.85c428fbbc16 (Accessed 20 January 2017).Help, H. (2016) In civil disobedience by Thoreau, on the eve of historic Dandi march by Gandhi, and long walk to freedom by Nelson Mandela, how is the.. Available at https//www.enotes.com/homework-help/civil-disobedience-eve-historic-dandi-walk-freedom-748335 (Accessed 20 January 2017).

Helper Client Confidentiality Essay -- Psychology

Informed consent and mysteriousity play a very important role in the lot profession. The helper needs to clearly communicate to the lymph node that the information shargond with them is confidential, meaning that it is not reused for any other purpose other than to assist the invitee with what they are there to work on (Hill, p.65). The professional must also communicate the three exceptions in which the information shared is not kept confidential. Those exceptions are1)When information regarding child, adult, or elder abuse is revealed.2)When the lymph node reports information that he or she is in danger of harming oneself or others.3)When the thickening has authorized in written material that information from ones file can be rel calmd.It is also important to share with the client that a supervisor within the organization may also be made aware of the clients information as sometimes cases need to be discussed for guidance and to ensure quality of services delivered.Discussi ng confidentiality with a client provides great benefits for the client/helper relationship. The client should feel informed about the therapeutic process, and providing them with such information at the beginning can help to ease the clients concerns about what can and cannot be done with their information. The client should feel at ease when the helper informs him or her that their information is strictly confidential except given the circumstance noted above. It is also an opportunity for the client to ask question for clarification and feel empowered from the beginning. It is possible that a client could have some discomfort with the confidentiality and informed consent process and as a result choose not to proceed with therapy. The loss of a clients p... ...sitive information with his family members and close friends, he cannot approach the counseling process like that. Each client has the right to choose who they wish to confide in, all the same if he believes that by shari ng the information would result in a better quality of life for the client. Without a clear intent of harm to oneself, the healer should honor the clients wishes while still trying to provide a therapeutic setting. As time passes, it is possible for the client to change her go steady of the situation, and perhaps even her course of action after more time is spent gaining insight. Works CitedHill, C.E. (2009). Helping skills Facilitating Exploration, Insight, and Action, 3rd ed. Washington, DC American Psychological Association.Sharf, R.S. (2012). Theories of psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases, 5th ed. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.